Hyponatremia ICD 10

Hyponatremia ICD 10

When total body water exceeds total body solutes, this ratio is out of balance, and this is known as hyponatremia. One-third of total body water (TBW) is made up of extracellular fluid (ECF), and the other two-thirds is made up of intracellular fluid (ICF). The main solute for ICF is potassium, whereas for ECF it is sodium.

Introduction

The infusion of one liter of 5% dextrose water (D5W) will result in an increase in the volume of the intracellular compartment of about 670 mL (67% of one liter), the interstitial compartment of 250 mL (25% of one liter), and the intravascular compartment of because water flows freely between all three compartments.

Understanding the Risks: The Dangers of Excessive Water Consumption and Hyponatremia

 Drinking 4 liters of water per day is generally considered excessive for most people and can potentially lead to a condition called water intoxication or hyponatremia. Hyponatremia occurs when the balance of electrolytes in your body is disrupted due to a large intake of water, leading to low sodium levels in the blood. This condition can be life-threatening in severe cases.

https://youtu.be/5qTNX4g_F-o?si=ZMB84Bn8HRsgxF4f

The appropriate amount of water a person needs can vary based on factors such as age, weight, physical activity level, climate, and overall health. The "8x8" rule, which suggests drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day (about 1.9 liters), is a common guideline. However, individual water needs can vary, and it's essential to listen to your body's signals of thirst.

If you have specific concerns about your hydration needs, it's best to consult a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian who can provide personalized recommendations based on your individual circumstances. Overhydration, just like dehydration, can have negative health effects, so it's important to strike a balance that is suitable for your body's requirements.

ICD10 Code for Hyponatremia

2024 ICD-10-CM Hypo-osmolality and Hyponatremia Diagnosis Code E87.1 ICD 10 code for hyponatremia and hypoosmolality. Get free crosswalks, synonyms, notes, history, and rules for ICD-10 code E87.1. Switch the navigation Look Up Every ICD-10Turn Off Dropdown Look Up Every ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes for ICD-10-CM PCS Procedure Codes in ICD-10 CM Diagnosis Index for ICD-10.

In summary, dehydration occurs frequently for a variety of causes. It's critical to recognize the signs of dehydration and take precautions against it by maintaining an adequate fluid intake. It is crucial that you get medical help if you think you or someone you love is dehydrated.

What happens if you put a mirror in the microwave?

How Microwave works ?

How do microwaves operate?

The electrons inside a microwave oven are produced by a tube called a magnetron. Microwaves are reflected in the metal interior of the oven where they are absorbed by the food. Microwaves vibrate the water molecules in the food, creating the cooking heat.

Working in Microwave Science:

The theory behind microwaves is very simple—it's all about the atom. As you add energy to an molecule or particle, it trembles; More energy equals more vibration, and this generates heat.

 

Fig 1.1 Microwave Oven 

Even though many of us know how to use it, do you know what a microwave is? How does it work and what are the uses of these microwave ovens etc.?

Being a user of a microwave oven, you must know about its working principle because until we understand the working of a microwave, we will not know about the actual uses of the microwave oven.

A microwave oven converts electromagnetic energy, which has a low frequency, into electromagnetic energy with a high frequency, which is easily absorbed by food items and later converted into heat.

Because so many people have asked us about what a microwave is and how it works, I thought I'd provide you with complete information about what a microwave oven is in Hindi so you can get a better understanding of it. Don't have any doubts either. So without hesitation, let's start and learn about microwave ovens.

What microwave oven can do? Microwave Oven

A microwave oven is a very popular kitchen device that serves to heat and cooks food. This process uses microwave radiation from the electromagnetic spectrum to provide tasty and nutritious food in a very short time.

In addition, it also maintains the nutrients present in the food. Microwave ovens are used to heat pre-cooked foods, a variety of foods. In addition, they are also used for rapid heating of slowly prepared cooking items such as hot butter, fats, and chocolate.

The materials in which water is present in the microwave oven quickly absorb the microwave energy, which is later converted into heat. A microwave oven cooks food six times faster than a traditional oven. Microwave ovens save a lot of energy due to their quick cooking.

Tappan first launched the microwave for home use in the year 1955, while the microwave oven was first introduced by Amana Corporation in the year 1967.

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic wave whose wavelengths range from 1 meter to 1 millimeter, with their frequencies being 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). Microwave signals always propagate in straight lines and are rarely affected by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected from the ionized regions in the upper atmosphere.

 

Fig 1.2 Microwave Structure

Types of microwave ovens.

If you search the market, there are 3 types of microwave ovens. It would be better to write about them. Let me add a video for you guys. By watching the video given below, you will understand how many types of ovens there are and what you will be able to do with their help.

What are the Microwave oven applications?

The discovery of microwaves was a great boon for our civilization. because it is used in many places all over the world. So let's learn more about these microwave applications.

Microwaves are most usually use in point-to-point communication links namely, wireless networks, microwave radio relay networks, radar, satellite, and spacecraft communications.

These microwaves are extremely high-frequency radio waves, produced by a series of transmitters. These help the water and fat molecules vibrate, making the substance hot, and therefore, microwave ovens are used to cook many types of food in microwaves.

Microwaves are also used in mobile phones that are produced by small antennas. Microwaves are also used in Wi-Fi.

Microwaves are also used in fixed traffic speed cameras as well as a radar by many aircraft, ships, and weather forecasters.

Microwaves are also used in spacecraft communications, meaning they are used to transfer most of the world's data, television, and telephone communications over long distances between ground stations and communication satellites. Microwaves are also used in microwave ovens and radar technology.

How does a microwave work?

Working process for microwave ovens.

Many people use microwave ovens in their homes, but there are very few people who have some knowledge about the workings of microwave ovens, so let's learn about the workings of microwave ovens:

The principle of the microwave oven is based on microwave radiation. A microwave oven is made of an aluminum metal box from which radiation cannot pass, and it uses a magnetron, which is a microwave generator.

When a user switches on a microwave oven to make food, this magnetron receives electricity from a power outlet and converts it into high-powered radio waves.

This microwave oven has a waveguide, a turntable, and a timer switch.

When food enters the room and the timer is on, it sends a command to the magnetron to send the microwave to the turntable, which results in it starting to spin. These microwaves heat the food, which contains water molecules.

So when the oven is on and these microwaves hit those water molecules, those water molecules start to vibrate at a high speed, which creates heat. The turntable rotates inside the oven and cooks the food slowly.

What happens if you put a mirror in the microwave?

Mirror for Microwave Oven

A Microwave Oven Mirror is very useful because it allows the user to see how the food is cooking inside the microwave oven while also preventing microwaves from escaping. If the mirror in your microwave oven is broken, you can easily replace it and use a new one, but you may need the assistance of a qualified technician.

Microwave Oven Applications

Buying a microwave is not enough if you do not know about its uses. Below I have tried to tell you about some uses for which you can use:-

1. Reheating - Whereas it was difficult to reheat in a traditional oven due to the risk of burning the food. In such a situation, you can use a microwave oven to re-heat very comfortably. In this, you just have to fill the food container in the oven, and your food gets reheated in a few seconds.

Microwave ovens are use to heat up food devoid of wet it and keeping it almost in its original form. That's why microwave ovens are used more in homes and bakery shops to heat different pastries, cakes, and other food items.

2. Baking - A microwave oven can be used to bake cakes and bread. It is very easy to use, and very quickly you can make cakes of delicious varieties. The cakes are equally soft and excellent to consume.
3. To defrost: A microwave oven is used to defrost frozen vegetables and meats. Previously, they had to waste a lot of washing, draining, and water. It is also very efficient because it helps in maintaining the food in its original form and nutrients.
4. For Roasting – You can roast garlic, garlic bread, popcorns, etc. quickly using a microwave oven. The process of roasting food is very common in India, and this is our traditional method of Indian cooking.
5. To do blanching: The blanching done by microwave is much better than the traditional blanching methods. This is because the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables is not compromised, and it is also done in a very short time.
6. Boiling and also steaming—Boiling is a very important way of cooking food. A microwave cooks food evenly in a matter of minutes, whereas traditional boiling techniques waste a lot of energy and also take a lot of time. Apart from this, steaming vegetables in it keeps the nutrients of the food and the wastage is negligible.
7. Retains nutritional value—Nutrients are very important for food items because they provide us with the right nutrition for the growth and development of our bodies. A lot of nutrients in food are vanished in conventional processes. In contrast, using a microwave oven helps to keep these vitamins and minerals in the food. 

A magnetron tube is used in a microwave oven.

Radiation waves are used in a microwave to heat the moisture in the food, which eventually cooks it. However in a convection oven, a fan is used to heat the food, which circulates the hot air around the food.

I hope that I have given you complete information about what a microwave oven is and I hope you people have understood the type of microwave oven.

If you have any reservations about this article or believe it could be improved, please leave a negative comment. From these thoughts of yours, we will get a chance to learn something and improve something.

 

What is Integrated waste management for a smart city?

 

What is Integrated waste management for a smart city

This course has emphasized integrated solid waste management aspects within the broad subject area of Integrated Waste Management for a Smart City. The issues of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management; Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste; and Electronic Waste Management will be covered in this course.

 

Integrated waste management

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program. An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment.

An example of integrated waste management

Some common examples of waste management that are involved in integrated waste management are burying waste in sanitary landfills and burning waste in mass burn incinerators. Integrated waste management can also include waste reduction methods such as reusing, recycling, and composting.

Features of Smart City and Smart Waste Management

 They help to:

• raise public awareness of utilizing renewable energy. improve street sanitation. encourage recycling. We collect and analyze area-specific data on waste volumes for better planning. They increase WiFi coverage with their function as a free public WiFi hotspot.

Integrated waste management important

 The Importance of ISWM as a Waste Management Approach

Improper waste handling in conjunction with uncontrolled waste dumping can cause a broad range of problems, including polluting water, attracting rodents and insects, as well as increasing floods due to blockage in drains.

Summary

Integrated waste management for a smart city

This course has emphasized integrated solid waste management aspects within the broad subject area of Integrated Waste Management for a Smart City.

The issues of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management; Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste; and Electronic Waste Management will be covered in this course.

 Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program.

 

Read More:

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCC0pKEa4-4&t=10s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dumping millions of gallons of seawater inland for natural filtration and subsequent extraction through deep wells

 

Fully Automatic Water Purifier Addyz

 

This water purifier comes with a 12-liter storage capacity along with 7 stages of filtration. It is suitable for a water tanker, bore well, or even municipal water. The silver-impregnated carbon doesn't allow bacteria to grow in the water.

 

Which water purifier is best for bore water and municipal water?

 

If the water has heavy metals like arsenic, we recommend you use an RO + UV water purifier (Reverse Osmosis and Ultraviolet water purification). If your water doesn't contain any heavy metals and your TDS value is under 300 PPM but tastes sour or bad, then you might need a simple RO water purifier (Reverse Osmosis).

 

Can we use bore water in a water purifier?

 

Borewell water can only be purified using an RO water filter. An RO water purifier effectively removes salts and minerals like arsenic, fluoride, sulfate, and sodium, which are bad for our health along with heavy metals which are largely found in borewell water.

 

Can we use an RO water purifier for municipal water?

However, RO, or Reverse Osmosis, technology is considered vital for all water purification systems. Which purifier is best for municipal water? Municipal water is largely treated and then supplied to homes. It contains TDS levels below 200 ppm and RO + UV is the best way to further treat such waters.

 

Which water purifier is best for borewell water in India?

For TDS levels higher than 300-500 ppm, it is recommended to choose an RO water purifier for your home. Hence, to treat borewell water, you need advanced purification technologies like Reverse Osmosis (RO) combined with Ultra Violet (UV) or Micro Filtration (MF)

 

What is the TDS of borewell water?

According to the Times of India, the TDS level of borewell water is generally around 500 parts per milligram or higher. This is much higher than the TDS of home water. 300-500 parts per milligram or ppm of TDS in the water means that the water quality is poor and not recommended for drinking at all.

 

Summary

• It is suitable for a water tanker, bore well, or even municipal water. Which water purifier is best for bore water and municipal water? If the water has heavy metals like arsenic, we recommend you use an RO + UV water purifier (Reverse Osmosis and Ultraviolet water purification). If your water doesn't contain any heavy metals and your TDS value is under 300 PPM but tastes sour or bad, then you might need a simple RO water purifier (Reverse Osmosis).

Can we use bore water in a water purifier? 

Borewell water can only be purified using an RO water filter.

• It contains TDS levels below 200 ppm and RO + UV is the best way to further treat such waters. Which water purifier is best for borewell water in India? For TDS levels higher than 300-500 ppm, it is recommended to choose an RO water purifier for your home. Hence, to treat borewell water, you need advanced purification technologies like Reverse Osmosis (RO) combined with Ultra Violet (UV) or Micro Filtration (MF)

What is the TDS of borewell water?

• According to the Times of India, the TDS level of borewell water is generally around 500 parts per milligram or higher. This is much higher than the TDS of home water.

Read More

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvNLT3R7zOM&list=PL0lMTsAGl_Kqk0l023fRp2Eww9PUK8Ioj&index=10

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qTNX4g_F-o&list=PL0lMTsAGl_Kqk0l023fRp2Eww9PUK8Ioj&index=3

Water purifier in India is suitable for municipal water and bore water

 

Water purifier in India is suitable for municipal water and bore water

Kent Grand Plus uses RO, UF and UV to purify water in seven steps. It is suitable for all types of water sources including bore-wells, tanks and tap water, thanks to its multi-stage purification using RO, UF and UV. Kent Grand Plus can purify water with TDS range up to 2000 ppm and is ideal for high TDS water.

Which water purifier in India is suitable for municipal water and bore water?

 Kent Grand Plus uses RO, UF, and UV to purify water in seven steps. It is suitable for all types of water sources including bore-wells, tanks, and tap water, thanks to its multi-stage purification using RO, UF, and UV. Kent Grand Plus can purify water with a TDS range up to 2000 ppm and is ideal for high TDS water.

 Which water purifier is best for bore water and municipal water?

If the water has heavy metals like arsenic, we recommend you use an RO + UV water purifier (Reverse Osmosis and Ultraviolet water purification). Hence, to treat borewell water you need advanced purification technologies like Reverse Osmosis (RO) combined with an Ultra Violet (UV) or Micro Filtration (MF).

 

Read More :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qTNX4g_F-o&list=PL0lMTsAGl_Kqk0l023fRp2Eww9PUK8Ioj&index=3

 

 

Amid challenges, India announces new climate goals with updated NDCs.

Top environmental science stories in India this week

Amid challenges, India announces new climate goals with updated NDCs.

 

In the latest updated NDCs, which broadly represent India's framework for its energy transition between 2021 and 2030, the country has committed to attaining 50 percent of its total electric power installed capacity through non-fossil fuel-based energy resources (renewable energy, including hydropower) by the year 2030.

 

Climate goals, India

According to the revised NDC, India is now committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45 percent by 2030, compared to 2005 levels, and to achieve approximately 50 percent of cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.

Goals of the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for avoiding dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to strengthen countries' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

Summary of the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for avoiding dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to strengthen countries' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

Goals of the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for avoiding dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to strengthen countries' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

 Why is SDG13 so important?

Sustainable Development Goal 13 urges us to take action to combat climate change and its impacts. Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is disrupting national economies and affecting lives, costing people, communities, and countries dearly today and even more tomorrow.

 What did the Paris Agreement do?

The Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for avoiding dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to strengthen countries' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

 What is climate action?

"Climate action is any policy, measure, or program that reduces greenhouse gases builds resilience to climate change or supports and finances those goals."

What is SDG 13's climate change?

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. 2019 was the second warmest year on record and the end of the warmest decade (2010–2019) ever recorded. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere rose to new records in 2019.

What is the main goal of SDG 13 climate action?

Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning.

 Summary

India has updated its National Development Goal (NDD) for the energy transition between 2021 and 2030. The country is now committed to achieving 50 percent of its total electric power installed capacity through non-fossil fuel-based energy resources (renewable energy, including hydropower) by 2030. The Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for avoiding dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to strengthen countries' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

Air pollution

 

Report on Air pollution in Bhiwadi town of Rajasthan

(Winter Season 2017-2020)

Introduction

Industrialization is on the increase and so is the environmental pollution due to emissions and waste discharges from the industries. Industrial pollution has the potential to cause irreversible reactions in the environment and may pose a risk to human health. Since the carrying capacity of the environment is not unlimited and some areas or ecosystems are more susceptible to adverse environmental impacts than others, the unplanned and haphazard location of industries might substantially increase the risk. It is desirable that for existing industrial areas stressed under high ambient pollution levels, a systematic and effective action plan is developed and implemented in a time-bound manner rather than considering the closure of the industries.

 

Air pollution is an important environmental component and requires an action plan that should be based on cause-effect analysis. However, this is not simple. The problem becomes more complex due to the multiplicity and complexity of the air polluting source mix, automobiles, generators, domestic fuel burning, roadside dust, construction activities, etc., which co-exist with industries.

 

Since the enactment of the Air Act 1981, air pollution control programs have focused on point and area source emissions, and many communities have benefited from these control programs. Nonetheless, most cities in the country still face continuing particulate non- attainment problems from aerosols of unknown origin (or those not considered for pollution control) despite the high level of control applied to many point sources. It is in the latter case that an improved understanding of source-receptor linkages is especially needed if cost-effective emission reductions are to be achieved. Determining the sources of airborne particulate matter is a difficult problem because of the complexity of the urban source mix. The problem is often compounded by the predominance of non-ducted and widely distributed area (fugitive) sources and the lack of understanding of the sources of secondary aerosol, their formation, and transport.

 

The city of Bhiwadi (28.21°N, 76.87°E; population: 1,04,921) in the state of Rajasthan has witnessed a high level of air pollution (http://cpcb.gov.in/caaqm), believed to have been caused from industrial emissions from large industrial areas (RIICO and Bhiwadi Phase I to IV Industrial area). The city has attracted many large industries because of government policies, being strategically situated in the Nation Capital Region (NCR), and a direct approach from NH-8. Moreover, Bhiwadi comes under the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor mega- project which has brought investment from both government and private sectors. It is noteworthy that industries in Bhiwadi city co-exist with multiple activities in surrounding areas (Dharuheda, Tijara, etc) extending beyond the administrative boundary, which results in the overall degradation of air quality of the region.

 

The city witnesses high pollution levels; Source: Bhiwadi CAAQMS data). The national air quality index (NAQI) in Bhiwadi during the winter season is in the worst category, Critical (https://app.cpcbccr.com/AQI_India/). Therefore, there is a need to identify and quantify the sources and develop an air pollution control action plan to achieve NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards).

 

i)        Sources of Air Pollution located in NCR

                        ENVIS had conducted a study on account of RSPCB on ‘Air Pollution Emission Inventory and Control Plan for Bhiwadi City’ in 2017-2020 and presented its final report in November 2020 which clearly mentioned all the identified sources of air pollution in Bhiwadi, their contribution and measures to control air pollution from these sources. As per the report following are the major sources of air pollution in Bhiwadi:-

Ø  Road Dust

Ø  Municipal solid waste burning

Ø  Vehicles

Ø  Construction & Demolition waste

Ø  Hotels/Restaurants

Ø  Domestic sector

Ø  Industries & DG Sets.

 

As per Chairman, EPCA field visits and complaints received on SAMEER Complaints, major source of air pollution is municipal & industrial solid waste dumping & burning.

 

ii)      Air Pollution Scenario in the City of Bhiwadi

 

The city of Bhiwadi has a complex industrial environment with respect to air pollution and faces severe air pollution of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂. There are several prominent sources within and outside Bhiwadi contributing to pollution levels in ambient air; these pollutants can be taken as a surrogate of other pollutants also, as most of the pollutants coexist and have common sources.

Bhiwadi is considered as one of the major industrial hubs in the region. In addition to industrial and automobile pollution, there is a significant emission from fugitive sources. Clusters of small and medium scale industries are also responsible for air pollution. In most of the institutions, hotels, and offices, the diesel generators are used at the time of power failure. Unlike other cities, at several locations, garbage burning is a common practice; it is also seen that not only garbage burning, the industrial waste is also burnt at several places within the city, which can be an important contributor to air pollution. The road condition in the town is quite bad as roads are broken, poorly maintained and partially paved surfaces and it is observed that movements of the vehicle may cause non-exhaust road dust emission in a significant amount. The area outside the factories is poorly managed and has become a dumping ground of non-hazardous wastes. This report presents various air pollution control options and their effectiveness in improving air quality.

 

Observation

Ambient Air Quality

(A)    Analysis of Air quality Data in terms of Specific Pollutants

Ambient Air (AQI) data of Bhiwadi city from September 2017 to December 2020 data: 06.00 a.m. to 06.00 a.m. The ambient air quality AQI data of Bhiwadi city from September 2017 to December 2020 for comparison of four years in various parameters such as PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI in winter season are presented in the Table 1.

Table 1 - Average concentration Monthly Air Quality Data in Bhiwadi City from September to February (2017-2020)

Months	2017-2018			2018-2019			2019-2020			2020
	PM10 (µg/m3)	PM2.5 (µg/m3)	AQI (µg/m3)	PM10 (µg/m3)	PM2.5 (µg/m3)	AQI (µg/m3)	PM10 (µg/m3)	PM2.5 (µg/m3)	AQI (µg/m3)	PM10 (µg/m3)	PM2.5 (µg/m3)	AQI (µg/m3)
September	295	105	272	201	68	177	117	54	118	177	78	184
October	360	171	364	348	128	317	233	94	226	333	160	331
November	392	223	394	386	165	380	295	145	320	371	196	386
December	346	175	352	374	179	369	278	150	303	323	180	350
January	364	163	349	280	158	314	231	120	266	-	-	-
February	346	165	337	223	123	266	216	121	272	-	-	-

 

Figure 1 - Trend of PM₁₀ of Air Quality Data in Bhiwadi City from September to February (2017-2020)

Figure 2 - Trend of PM_2.5 of Air Quality Data in Bhiwadi City from September to February (2017-2020)

Figure 3 - Trend of AQI of Air Quality Data in Bhiwadi City from September to February (2017-2020)

It is observed that if compared with September to February 2017-2020 and 2020 (September to December) winter months at Bhiwadi. It may be inferred that higher pollution levels in comparison to previous year are due to meteorological conditions and perennial issue of deteriorated air quality during November in Bhiwadi, and not on account of fire-cracker bursting. On Deepawali day (14.11.2020), almost all the pollutants reported higher values as compared to 2019 Diwali day. Bhiwadi recorded increase in PM₁₀ and AQI are 329 µg/m³ and 344 µg/m³ indicating impact of firecracker bursting on Deepawali festival.

It is observed that if compared with September 2017 to December 2020 were found that Minimum values of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI were 295µg/m³, 105 µg/m³ and 272 µg/m³ in 2017-2018 (Sept- Feb), 201 µg/m³, 68 µg/m³ and 177µg/m³ in 2018-2019 (Sept- Feb), 117 µg/m³, 54 µg/m³ and 118 µg/m³ in 2019-2020 (Sept- Feb) and 177 µg/m³, 78 µg/m³ and 184 µg/m³ 2020 (Sept-December), respectively.

It is observed that if compared with September 2017 to December 2020 were found that Maximum values of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI were 392 µg/m³, 223 µg/m³ and 394 µg/m³ in 2017-2018 (Sept- Feb), 386 µg/m³, 179 µg/m³ and 380 µg/m³ in 2018-2019 (Sept- Feb), 295 µg/m³, 150 µg/m³ and 320 µg/m³ in 2019-2020 (Sept- Feb) and 371 µg/m³, 196 µg/m³ and 386 µg/m³ 2020 (Sept- December), respectively.

It was inferred that September have least pollution level due to meteorological conditions. It may be inferred that higher pollution levels in comparison to previous year are due to meteorological conditions and perennial issue of deteriorated air quality during November in Bhiwadi.

 

(B)    Comparative study with Percentage reduction

1.      Percentage reduction as compared to previous year from September to February (2017-2020) at Bhiwadi City

The air of percentage reduction in Bhiwadi city as compared to the previous year from September to February (2017-2020) is presented in Table 2. Most of the parameters, including all three, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI have been observed to be higher by 2020 than in 2018-2019 and 2018-2019.

Table 2(a) - PRCENTAGE REDUCTION AS COMPARED TO PREVIOUS YEAR FROM SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY (2017-2020)

Table 2(a): PRCENTAGE REDUCTION AS COMPARED TO PREVIOUS YEAR FROM SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY (2017-2020)
	PM10			PM2.5			AQI
	2018-2019	2019-2020	2020	2018-2019	2019-2020	2020	2018-2019	2019-2020	2020
September	-32%	-42%	52%	-35%	-20%	44%	-35%	-33%	55%
October	-3%	-33%	42%	-25%	-26%	69%	-13%	-29%	47%
November	-2%	-24%	26%	-26%	-12%	35%	-4%	-16%	21%
December	8%	-25%	16%	2%	-16%	20%	5%	-18%	16%
January	-26%	-29%	-	-10%	-22%	-	-18%	-25%	-
February	-32%	-43%	-	-2%	-42%	-	-20%	-44%	-

Table 2(a) shows that percentage reduction of PM₁₀ in between -32% to 8.0% in September to February 2018-2019, PM_2.5 in between -35% to 2% in September to February 2018-2019 and AQI in between -35% to 5% September to February 2018-2019 as compared to September to February 2017-2018.

Figure 4 - Percentage Reduction as Compared to Previous Year of PM₁₀ from September to February (2017-2020)

Figure 5 - Percentage Reduction as Compared to Previous Year of PM_2.5 from September to February (2017-2020)

Figure 6 - Percentage Reduction as Compared to Previous Year of AQI from September to February (2017-2020)

From this Table 2(a), it is concluded that PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI are peak values in the months of November - December of 2018-2019, 2019-2020 and 2020. A major reason behind the spike in air pollution of Bhiwadi is the sewage being burnt by farmers in Punjab and Haryana, due to which there is an increase in air pollution in November-December. PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI have the highest 52%, 44% and 55% respectively in September 2020.

Another possible option is the Pusa bio-decomposer developed by scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, which converts crop residues into manure by accelerating the decomposition process in 15–20 days.

2.      Percentage reduction as compared to 2017-2018 from September to February (2018-2020) at Bhiwadi City

The air quality on Percentage reduction as compared to 2017 from September to February (2018-2020) at Bhiwadi City are presented in Table 2(b). Most of the parameters, including all three, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI have been observed to be higher by 2020 than in 2018-2019 and 2018-2019.

Table 2(b) PERCENTAGE REDUCTION AS COMPARED TO 2017 FROM SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY (2017-2020)

Table 2(b): PERCENTAGE REDUCTION AS COMPARED TO 2017 FROM SEPTEMBER TO FEBRUARY (2017-2020)
	PM10			PM2.5			AQI
	2018 -2019	2019 -2020	2020	2018 -2019	2019 -2020	2020	2018 -2019	2019 -2020	2020
September	-32%	-60%	-40%	-35%	-49%	-26%	-35%	-57%	-33%
October	-3%	-35%	-8%	-25%	-45%	-6%	-13%	-38%	-9%
November	-2%	-25%	-5%	-26%	-35%	-12%	-4%	-19%	-2%
December	8%	-20%	-7%	2%	-14%	3%	5%	-14%	-1%
January	-23%	-37%		-3%	-27%	-	-10%	-24%	-
February	-36%	-38%		-25%	-27%	-	-21%	-19%	-

 

It has been observed that if comparing the winter months of September to February 2017 in Bhiwadi from December 2020 then higher values have been reported by almost all the pollutants during these winter days of 2020. The increase in PM₁₀ in 2018-19 (December), PM_2.5 in 2020 (December), and AQI 2018-19 (December), in Bhiwadi was recorded at 8%, 3% and 5% respectively, indicating the effect on the winter season.

 

Figure 7 - Percentage Reduction As Compared To 2017 of PM₁₀ in Winter Season

Figure 8 - Percentage Reduction As Compared To 2017 of PM_2.5 in Winter Season

Figure 9 - Percentage Reduction As Compared To 2017 of AQI in Winter Season

It has been observed that if the winter months of September to February 2017 in Bhiwadi are compared up to December 2020 then lower values were reported by almost all pollutants in September (2019-2020). The decrease in PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and AQI at Bhiwadi was recorded at -60%, -49% and -57% respectively.

 

(C)    Impact of Various AQI Categories

The ambient air quality AQI data of Bhiwadi city from September 2017 to December 2020 data for comparison of number of days in various Air quality index Categories in winter season on September 2017 – December 2020 days are presented in the Table 4.

It is observed that if compared with September 2017 to December 2020 were found very poor days i.e. 96 very poor days in 2017-2018 (September, October, November, December, January and February) 84 very poor days in 2018-2019 (September to February), 63 very poor days in 2019-2020 (September to February) and 60 very poor days in 2020 (September, October, November and December).

 

Table 3 - Air Quality on the basis of Various AQI Categories in Bhiwadi city from September 2017 to December 2020

AQI	Possible Health Impacts		Sept-Feb (2017-18)	Sept-Feb (2018-19)	Sept-Feb (2019-20)	Sept-Dec (2020)
0-50	Minimal impact	Good	0	0	0	0
51-100	Minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people	Satisfactory	1	5	14	5
101-200	Breathing discomfort to the people with lungs, asthma and heart diseases	Moderate	21	24	45	11
201-300	Breathing discomfort to most people on prolonged exposure	Poor	20	43	53	30
301-400	Respiratory illness on prolonged exposure	Very Poor	96	84	63	60
401+	Affects healthy people and seriously impacts those with existing diseases	Severe	42	22	7	16

 

Here AQI is 301-400, while 42 severe days in 2017-2018, 22 severe days in 2018-2019, 7 severe days in 2019-2020 and 16 severe days in 2020 respectively at AQI data of Bhiwadi city from September 2017 – December 2020. It may be inferred that only 1 satisfactory day in 2017-2018, 5 satisfactory days in 2018-2019, 14 satisfactory days in 2019-2020 and 5 satisfactory days in 2020 respectively.

Figure 10 - AQI Comparison between Good to Severe Days from September to February (2017-2020)

Figure 11 - AQI Comparison between Good to Severe Days from September to December (2020)

It may be inferred that higher pollution levels in comparison to previous year are due to meteorological conditions and perennial issue of deteriorated air quality during 2017-2018 in Bhiwadi (September to February).

Figure 12 - AQI Comparison between Good to Moderate Days from September to February (2017-2020)

Fig. 12 shows the comparison of AQI between Good to Moderate days from September to February (2017-2020) in Sept-Feb (2017-2018), Sept-Feb (2018-2019) and Sep-Feb (2019-2020) 22, 29 and 59 days have been found respectively.

Figure 13 - AQI Comparison between Poor to Severe Days from September to February (2017-2020)

Fig. 13 shows the comparison of AQI between poor to Severe days from September to February (2017-2020) in Sept-Feb (2017-2018), Sept-Feb (2018-2019) and Sep-Feb (2019-2020) 158, 149 and 123 days have been found respectively.

Figure 14 - AQI Comparison between Good to Moderate Days from September to December (2020)

Figure 15 - AQI Comparison between Poor to Severe Days from September to December (2020)

Fig. 14 shows that in September to December (2020) 16 days were observed from Good to Moderate while Good to Moderate Days have been compared to AQI. Fig. 15 shows that in September to December (2020) 106 days were observed from Poor to Severe while Poor to Severe Days have been compared to AQI.

(D)          Cluster Approach- Information of PM fractions

Table 4(a) - Clustering of Months on Particulate Fractions September-February (2017-2020)

Clustering of Months on Particulate Fractions September-February (2017-2020)
PM2.5 / PM10 %	PM10 (µg/m3)
	<250								>250
	110	130	150	170	190	210	230	250	270	290	310	330	350	370	390	410
<50%	Cleaner Quadrant-Coarse Dust								Polluted Quadrant
	Focus on Continual Dust measures								Extensive Efforts required to control dust sources ( Road Dust)
	September-2018, September -2019, October-2019, September -2020								September -2017, October -2017, January-2018, February-2018, October -2018, November-2018, December-2018, November -2019, October -2020
>=50%	Moderate Quadrant -Finer Fraction								Critical Quadrant
	Extensive efforts required for controlling combustion sources (Open burning and Vehicular emissions)								Extensive Efforts and multidimensional intervention required
	February -2019, January -2020, February-2020								November -2017, December -2017, January -2019, December -2019, November -2020, December -2020

Table 5(a) shows the clustering of months at partial fractions in September – February (2017–2020). Compared to September 2017 to December 2020, it has been found that if less than 50% of ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ and less than 250(µg/m³) unit of PM₁₀, then months of September-2018, September-2019, October-2019, September 2018 are cleaner quarter. Fall within the category that focuses on continuous dust measures.

If PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio is less than 50% and PM₁₀ unit is greater than 250µg/m³ then September-2017, October-2017, January-2018, February-2018, October-2018, November-2018, December-2018, November-2019, October-2020 months fall in the polluted quadrant category so extensive efforts are being made to control the sources of dust (road dust).

If PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio is greater than 50% and less than 250µg/m³ unit of PM₁₀ then February-2019, January-2020, February-2020 months fall in the middle quartile range (finer fraction), so here combustion is controlled Extensive efforts are required to do this such as open burning and vehicle emissions.

If PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio is greater than 50% and PM₁₀ unit is greater than 250µg/m³ then the months November-2017, December-2017, January-2019, December-2019, November-2020 and December-2020 months fall into the important IV category. There are widespread efforts and multidisciplinary interventions are required.

 

Table 4(b): PM₁₀ (µg/m³) and Ratio (PM_2.5/PM₁₀) from Sept 2017 to December 2020.

Months	PM10(µg/m3)	Ratio(PM2.5/PM10)
Sep-17	295	36%
Oct-17	360	47%
Nov-17	392	57%
Dec-17	346	50%
Jan-18	364	45%
Feb-18	346	48%
Sep-18	201	34%
Oct-18	348	37%
Nov-18	386	43%
Dec-18	374	48%
Jan-19	280	56%
Feb-19	223	55%
Sep-19	117	46%
Oct-19	233	40%
Nov-19	295	49%
Dec-19	278	54%
Jan-20	231	52%
Feb-20	216	56%
Sep-20	177	44%
Oct-20	333	48%
Nov-20	371	53%
Dec-20	323	56%

 

 

 

 

Control Options

It may be noted that air polluting sources are plenty and efforts are required for every sector/source. In addition, there is a need to explore various options for controlling air pollutants for increased emission in the future. The assessment of efficacies of control options and development of these tables is the outcome of thorough modeling exercise and further analyses and interpretation to arrive at improvements in ground-level air quality throughout the city. The description of control options is given below:

Action taken as per EPCA directions:

GRAP is being implemented in NCR sub region of Rajasthan as per EPCA orders.

Ø The State has prepared Action plan for NCR area and for hotspot Bhiwadi to combat air pollution problem in the present winter season on the basis of action plans received from various departments. The main action points are:

a.       Greening and paving of open land and unpaved roads.

b.      Measures to prevent fires at dumpsites/landfill sites- for this purpose, teams have been constituted by RIICO/Municipalities to monitor the sites regularly.

c.       Measures to stop open burning of domestic/industrial waste in industrial and unplanned industrial areas- vigilance team has been constituted for regular watch.

d.      Measures to stop open dumping and unregulated construction activities (dumping of constructed & demolition waste in open space, storage of construction material in open).

Regular action is being taken by concerned departments on above mentioned points.

Steps taken for curbing Air Pollution in NCR sub region of Rajasthan

Ø  The State is carrying out extensive air quality monitoring in the NCR areas for which stations are located in Bhiwadi,

Ø  Continuous Ambient Air Quality Stations are functioning in NCR areas at Bhiwadi.

Ø  RSPCB has issued mechanism for environment management of critically polluted areas including Bhiwadi which also mentions specific air pollution control measures to be adopted by projects located in CEPI areas like stringent air pollutants standards i.e. 80% of existing process emission standards, Use of only liquid (other than FO), gaseous fuels. Green belt in 40% of the plot area, wall to wall carpeting in vehicle movement areas.

Ø  Committee is regularly holding its meetings and has identified hot spot points in Bhiwadi wherein maximum air polluting activities happen. Chairperson of committee directed all stakeholders for monitoring of these hotspot points. Committee has decided to identify C&D waste dumping sites soon. Committee has further constituted a vigilance team comprising members for RSPCB, RIICO, BIDA, and Municipal Council for monitoring of identified hot spot points & disposal of SAMEER App complaints.

Environmental Surveillance

1.      A system should be developed for monitoring environmental quality in order to detect areas of pollution concentration in time for remedial measures.

2.      GRAP System (Graded Response Action Plan) should be developed: It is an emergency plan through which pollution control strategies to act according to air quality status suitable and rapid action that can be implemented quickly.

3.      Pollution Control Board should take regularly do visits to check the status of road dust as it is seen that road dust is a major emission source for particulate matter.

4.      Visual emissions must be informed and properly documented so that data of industries or sectors is causing pollution can be identified.

SUMMARY

•  It is desirable that for existing industrial areas stressed under high ambient pollution levels, a systematic and effective action plan is developed and implemented in a time-bound manner rather than considering the closure of the industries.
• In most institutions, hotels, and offices, diesel generators are used at the time of power failure.
• Unlike other cities, at several locations, garbage burning is a common practice; it is also seen that not only is garbage burning, the industrial waste is also burnt at several places within the city, which can be an important contributor to air pollution.
• The road condition in the town is quite bad as roads are broken, poorly maintained, and partially paved surfaces, and it is observed that movements of the vehicle may cause non-exhaust road dust emission insignificant amount.
•  AQI data of Bhiwadi city from September 2017 to December 2020 for comparison of four years in various parameters such as PM10, PM2.5, and AQI in the winter season are presented in Table 1.

  Raed More 

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